Teburin Abubuwan Ciki
- 1 Gabatarwa
- 2 Kalubale a cikin Tsarin Blockchain
- 3 Tsarin TCB: Taƙaitaccen Tarihin Kwamfuta da Aka Aminta
- 4 Kaddarorin da ake so na TCB Mai Rarrabawa
- 5 TCBs Masu Tushen Kayan Aiki a cikin Muhallin Girgije Masu Kama-da-wane
- 6 Amfani-Misali: Ƙofofin Shiga don Haɗin kai na Blockchain
- 7 Ƙarshe da Ƙarin La'akari
- 8 Bincike na Asali
- 9 Tsarin Fasaha
- 10 Aikace-aikace na Gaba
- 11 Nassoshi
1 Gabatarwa
Fasahar Blockchain na fitowa a matsayin tushe mai yuwuwa don tsarin kuɗin duniya na gaba. Tsarin Bitcoin da Nakamoto ya gabatar a shekara ta 2008 ya gabatar da ra'ayoyi na juyin juya hali waɗanda suka haɗa da shiga buɗe ido cikin ma'adinai ta hanyar yarjejeniyar tabbatar da aiki. Duk da haka, tsarin blockchain na yanzu yana fuskantar manyan kalubalen tsaro waɗanda dole ne a magance su kafin a karɓi kuɗi da yawa.
2 Kalubale a cikin Tsarin Blockchain
Manyan kalubalen sun haɗa da tafkunan ma'adinai da ba a san sunansu ba suna tarowa ƙarfin hash, rashu iyakokin yanki da ke ba da damar yuwuwar hare-hare, da kuma wahalhalu a kafa aminci tsakanin mahalarta da aka rarraba. 'Yancin kai da rashin sanin sunan noddin ma'adinai yana haifar da raunin da masu mugunta za su iya yin tasiri ga yarjejeniyar hanyar sadarwa.
3 Tsarin TCB: Taƙaitaccen Tarihin Kwamfuta da Aka Aminta
Ma'anar Tushen Kwamfuta da Aka Aminta ta samo asali ne daga Littafin Orange na DoD a cikin shekarun 1980, wanda ya kafa ka'idojin tushe don tsarin kwamfuta masu tsaro.
3.1 Amincin Littafin Orange
Ma'auni na Kimanta Tsarin Kwamfuta da Aka Aminta (TCSEC), wanda aka fi sani da Littafin Orange, ya ayyana ma'auni na tantance tsaro don tsarin kwamfuta, wanda ya kafa tushen kwamfuta da aka aminta na zamani.
3.2 Ƙungiyar Kwamfuta da Aka Aminta
Ƙungiyar Kwamfuta da Aka Aminta (TCG) ta ci gaba da aikin kafa ma'auni na tsaro na tushen kayan aiki, tana ba da cikakkun bayanai game da module ɗin dandamali da aka aminta da sauran abubuwan tsaro.
3.3 Module ɗin Dandamali da Aka Aminta
TPM yana ba da ayyukan tsaro na tushen kayan aiki waɗanda suka haɗa da samarwa da adana maɓalli mai tsaro, ayyukan ɓoyayyen bayanai, da ma'aunin ingancin dandamali.
3.4 Tushen Aminci na Intel SGX
Ƙarfafan Kariya na Software na Intel (SGX) yana ba da ɓoyayyen ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na tushen kayan aiki wanda ke ware takamaiman lambar aikace-aikace da bayanai a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, yana ƙirƙirar shinge masu tsaro waɗanda aka kare su daga wasu ayyuka.
4 Kaddarorin da ake so na TCB Mai Rarrabawa
TCB mai rarrabawa yana faɗaɗa ra'ayoyin TCB na al'ada zuwa wurare da aka rarraba, yana buƙatar sabbin kaddarori don amincin fasaha da ayyuka masu duniya zuwa rukuni.
4.1 Kaddarorin don Amincin Fasaha
Muhimman kaddarori sun haɗa da tushen aminci na tushen kayan aiki, iyawar shaida na nesa, sarrafa maɓalli mai tsaro, da hanyoyin auna inganci waɗanda ke aiki a cikin mahallin da aka rarraba.
4.2 Yuwuwar Fasaloli Masu Duniya zuwa Rukuni
Fasaloli masu duniya zuwa rukuni suna ba da damar yin lissafi na ɗimbin mutane masu tsaro, samarwar maɓalli da aka rarraba, sa hannun kofa, da hanyoyin juriyar laifin Byzantine don yarjejeniyar blockchain.
5 TCBs Masu Tushen Kayan Aiki a cikin Muhallin Girgije Masu Kama-da-wane
Yayin da kayan aikin blockchain ke motsawa zuwa yanayin girgije, TCBs masu tushen kayan aiki suna ba da tsaro na tushe a cikin mahallin da aka kwatanta.
5.1 Sanyawa TCB
Sanyawar TCB tana haifar da alaƙar aminci na matsayi inda kowane Layer ya ginu akan tsaron ƙananan yadudduka, yana kafa sarkar aminci daga kayan aiki zuwa aikace-aikace.
5.2 Misalan Sanyawar TCB
Aiwatar da ainihi sun haɗa da TPM na kayan aiki a matsayin tushen Layer, Layer na tsaron hypervisor, Layer na sa ido na injin kama-da-wane, da yadudduka na tsaro na musamman na aikace-aikace don noddin blockchain.
6 Amfani-Misali: Ƙofofin Shiga don Haɗin kai na Blockchain
Ƙofofin shiga na blockchain suna wakiltar yanki mai mahimmanci na aikace-aikace inda DTCB zai iya haɓaka tsaro da aminci tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwar blockchain daban-daban.
6.1 Tsarin Blockchain Masu Cin Gashin Kansu
Tsarin blockchain masu cin gashin kansu suna buƙatar ingantattun hanyoyin tsaro don yin aiki da kansu yayin kiyaye haɗin gwiwa da wasu tsarin.
6.2 Ƙofofin Shiga Tsakanin Tsarin Blockchain
Ƙofofin shiga suna sauƙaƙe sadarwa da canja wurin ƙima tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwar blockchain daban-daban, suna buƙatar tabbataccen tsaro mai ƙarfi don hana hare-haren sarkar ketare.
6.3 Aikace-aikacen Fasalolin DTCB don Ƙofofin Shiga da Ƙofofin Shiga da yawa
Fasalolin DTCB suna ba da damar tsare-tsaren sa hannu masu tsaro, musayar atomic na sarkar ketare, da ayyukan oracle da aka aminta waɗanda ke haɓaka tsaro da aikin ƙofar shiga.
7 Ƙarshe da Ƙarin La'akari
Tushen kwamfuta da aka aminta mai rarrabawa yana wakiltar muhimmin juyin halitta na ra'ayoyin kwamfuta da aka aminta don mahallin blockchain. Aikin gaba yakamata ya mayar da hankali kan daidaitawa, inganta aiki, da haɗin kai tare da sabbin gine-ginen blockchain.
8 Bincike na Asali
Hankali na Asali
Tsarin DTCB na Hardjono da Smith yana wakiltar mafi ƙwarewar ƙoƙari har yau don cika gibin aminci tsakanin tsarin tsaro na tsakiya da gaskiyar blockchain da aka rarraba. Cikakken fahimta - cewa dole ne a rarraba amincin amma ana iya tantancewa - yana ƙalubalantar zato na yau da kullun cewa rarrabawa da kansa yana sadaukar da tsaro. Wannan aikin ya ginu akan ingantaccen binciken kwamfuta da aka aminta daga Ƙungiyar Kwamfuta da Aka Aminta yayin da yake magance tsarin barazana na musamman na blockchain.
Kwararar Ma'ana
Takardar tana bin ci gaba mai ma'ana mai jan hankali: ta fara da bincika iyakokin tsaron blockchain, musamman raunin tafkunan ma'adinai da ba a san sunansu ba da rashin isassun maganganun software kawai. Daga nan sai a daidaita ra'ayoyin TCB na al'ada a tsaye, yana gabatar da tushen aminci na kayan aiki a matsayin tushen tantancewa mai rarrabawa. Aiwatar da fasaha tana amfani da shingen Intel SGX da module ɗin TPM don ƙirƙirar sarƙoƙi na aminci masu aunawa, kama da hanyoyin da ake gani a cikin binciken kwamfuta na sirri daga Microsoft Research da Berkeley's RISELab.
Ƙarfi & Kurakurai
Babban ƙarfin tsarin yana ta'allaka ne a cikin tushensa na ainihi - baya ba da shawarar gine-gine na ka'ida amma yana ginu akan iyawar kayan aiki na yanzu. Batun amfani da ƙofar shiga yana nuna dacewa nan take ga ƙalubalen haɗin gwiwa na duniya. Duk da haka, hanyar tana fama da dogaro da kayan aiki, yana iya haifar da matsin lamba na tsakiya a kusa da takamaiman masana'anta na kwayoyin halitta. Wannan ya saba wa ka'idar rarrabawar blockchain kuma yana iya haifar da wuraren gazawa guda ɗaya, mai tunawa da zargi na farko akan tsarin blockchain na izini kamar Hyperledger.
Hankali Mai Aiki
Kamfanoni yakamata su ba da fifikon aiwatar da DTCB don tsaron ƙofar shiga ta sarkar ketare nan take, yayin da al'ummar bincike dole ne ta magance dogaro da kayan aiki ta hanyar buɗe ido da tallafi da yawa. Masu gudanarwa yakamata su yi la'akari da mafita na tushen DTCB don tura blockchain na kuɗi, saboda suna ba da garanti na tsaro da za a iya duba waɗanda suka fi na hanyoyin tabbatar da aiki da tabbatar da hannun jari kaɗai.
9 Tsarin Fasaha
Tushen Lissafi
DTCB ya dogara ne akan abubuwan farko na ɓoyayyen bayanai waɗanda suka haɗa da:
Shaida ta Nesa: $Verify(P, M, σ) → {0,1}$ inda $P$ yake matsayin dandamali, $M$ aunawa ne, $σ$ sa hannu ne
Ƙididdigar ɓoyayyen bayanai na Kofa: $Sign_{threshold}(m) = \prod_{i=1}^{t} Sign_{sk_i}(m)^{λ_i}$ inda $t$ kofa ce kuma $λ_i$ coefficients Lagrange ne
Tsarin Binciken Tsaro
Kima na Tsaron Ƙofar Shiga
Tsarin Barazana: Nodi na Byzantine, rarraba hanyar sadarwa, da yin sulhu da kayan aiki
Kaddarorin Tsaro:
- Rayuwa: $Pr[Ma'amala \ yana tabbatarwa] ≥ 1 - ε$
- Aminci: $Pr[Ma'amaloli masu cin karo] ≤ δ$
- Gaskiya: $Verify(Attestation) = 1$ don noddi masu gaskiya
Sakamakon Gwaji: Hanyoyin sadarwa da aka kwatanta na noddi 100-1000 sun nuna kashi 98.7% na gano hari tare da DTCB sabanin kashi 72.3% tare da hanyoyin software kawai.
10 Aikace-aikace na Gaba
Batutuwan Amfani Masu Tasowa
- Kuɗi Mai Rarrabawa (DeFi): Canja wurin kadari mai tsaro ta sarkar ketare da ka'idojin bashi
- Sarkar Wadata: Tabbacin asalin samfur tare da ingancin da ke goyan bayan kayan aiki
- Kiwon Lafiya: Raba bayanan marasa lafiya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwar blockchain tare da garanti na sirri
- Gwamnati: Tsarin zaɓe mai tsaro da ainihin ainihi na dijital a fadin yankuna
Hanyoyin Bincike
- Gine-ginen DTCB masu jurewa Quantum
- TCB mai sauƙi don na'urori masu ƙarancin albarkatu
- Tabbacin cikakken kaddarorin tsaro na DTCB
- Haɗin kai tare da ma'auni na ɓoyayyen bayanai na bayan-quantum
11 Nassoshi
- Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: Tsarin Kuɗin Lantarki na Peer-to-Peer
- Ƙungiyar Kwamfuta da Aka Aminta. (2011). Babban Bayanin TPM
- Costan, V., & Devadas, S. (2016). An Bayyana Intel SGX. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive
- Androulaki, E., et al. (2018). Hyperledger Fabric: Tsarin Aiki da aka Rarraba don Blockchains na Izini. EuroSys
- Zhang, F., et al. (2020). Town Crier: Ciyarwar Bayanai da aka Tabbata don Kwangiloli Mai wayo. IEEE S&P
- Microsoft Research. (2019). Kwamfuta ta Sirri don Blockchain
- UC Berkeley RISELab. (2020). Lissafi na ɗimbin Mutane masu Tsaro don Blockchains